References

1

ANSI. S3.5-1969,American National Standard Methods for the Calculation of the Articulation Index. American National Standards Institute, New York, 1969.

2

H. Cox. ``Robust Adaptive Beamforming'' IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 35(10):1365-1376, 1987.

3

F. Khalil, J.P. Jullien, and A. Gilloire. ``Microphone Array for Sound Pickup in Teleconference Systems''. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 42(9):691-699, 1994.

4

P. Maes, T. Darrell, B. Blumberg, and A. Pentland. ``The ALIVE System: Full-body Interaction with Autonomous Agents''. Proceedings of the Computer Animation Conference, Switzerland, IEEE Press, 1995.

5

R.J. Mailloux. Phased Array Antenna Handbook. Artech House, Boston, London, 1994.

6

W. Soede, A.J. Berkhout, and F.A. Bilsen. ``Development of a Directional Hearing Instrument Based on Array Technology''. Journal of the Aoustical Society of America, 94(2):785-798, 1993.

7

R.W. Stadler and W.M. Rabinowitz. ``On the Potential of Fixed Arrays for Hearing Aids''. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 94(3):1332-1342, 1993.

8

Ali Azarbayejani, Thad Starner, Bradley Horowitz, and Alex Pentland. Visually controlled graphics. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 15(6):602-605, June 1993. (Special Section on 3-D Modeling in Image Analysis and Synthesis).

9

Durand R. Begault. 3-D Sound for Virtual Reality and Multimedia. Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994.

10

Duane H. Cooper and Jerald L. Bauck. ``Prospects for Transaural Recording''. J. Audio Eng. Soc., 37(1/2):3-19, 1989.

11

P. Damaske. ``Head-Related Two-Channel Stereophony with Loudspeaker Reproduction''. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 50(4):1109-1115, 1971.

12

N. I. Durlach, A. Rigopulos, X. D. Pang, W. S. Woods, A. Kulkarni, H. S. Colburn, and E. M. Wenzel. ``On the Externalization of Auditory Images''. Presence, 1(2):251-257, 1992.

13

W. G. Gardner and K. D. Martin. ``HRTF measurements of a KEMAR''. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 97(6):3907-3908, 1995.

14

D. Griesinger. ``Equalization and Spatial Equalization of Dummy-Head Recordings for Loudspeaker Reproduction''. J. Audio Eng. Soc., 37(1/2):20-29, 1989.

15

J. M. Jot, Veronique Larcher, and Olivier Warusfel. ``Digital signal processing issues in the context of binaural and transaural stereophony''. In Proc. Audio Eng. Soc. Conv., 1995.

16

Keith D. Martin. A computational model of spatial hearing. Master's thesis, MIT Dept. of Elec. Eng., 1995.

17

Henrik Moller, Dorte Hammershoi, Clemen Boje Jensen, and Michael Fris Sorensen. ``Transfer Characteristics of Headphones Measured on Human Ears''. J. Audio Eng. Soc., 43(4):203-217, 1995.

18

Henrik Moller, Clemen Boje Jensen, Dorte Hammershoi, and Michael Fris Sorensen. ``Design Criteria for Headphones''. J. Audio Eng. Soc., 43(4):218-232, 1995.

19

Henrik Moller, Michael Fris Sorensen, Dorte Hammershoi, and Clemen Boje Jensen. ``Head-Related Transfer Functions of Human Subjects''. J. Audio Eng. Soc., 43(5):300-321, 1995.

20

Alan V. Oppenheim and Ronald W. Schafer. Discrete Time Signal Processing. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989.

21

M. R. Schroeder. ``Digital simulation of sound transmission in reverberant spaces''. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 47(2):424-431, 1970.

22

M. R. Schroeder and B. S. Atal. ``Computer simulation of sound transmission in rooms''. IEEE Conv. Record, 7:150-155, 1963.

23

G. Theile. ``On the Standardization of the Frequency Response of High-Quality Studio Headphones''. J. Audio Eng. Soc., 34:956-969, 1986.

24

E. M. Wenzel. ``Localization in Virtual Acoustic Displays''. Presence, 1(1):80-107, 1992.

25

E. M. Wenzel, M. Arruda, D. J. Kistler, and F. L. Wightman. ``Localization using nonindividualized head-related transfer functions''. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 94(1):111-123, 1993.

26

F. L. Wightman and D. J. Kistler. ``Headphone simulation of free-field listening''. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 85:858-878, 1989.

  
Figure 1: Target and Ambient Sound in the ALIVE Space

  
Figure 2: Gesturing the ``Beg'' Command to Silas

  
Figure 3: Endfire Microphone Array Geometry and Notation

  
Figure 4: Broadside Microphone Geometry

  
Figure 5: Directivity Pattern of Endfire Array with Omnidirectional Elements

  
Figure 6: Directivity Pattern of Endfire Array with Cardioid Elements

  
Figure 7: Directivity Pattern of Broadside Array with Cardioid Elements

  
Figure 8: Dual Endfire Arrays with Acoustic Baffle

  
Figure 9: Single source binaural spatializer.

  
Figure 10: Multiple source binaural spatializer with reverberation.

  
Figure 11: Diffuse-field average of KEMAR HRTFs.

  
Figure 12: Transfer functions from speakers to ears in stereo arrangement.

  
Figure 13: General transaural filter, where .

  
Figure 14: Shuffler implementation of transaural filter for symmetric listening arrangement.